ROOT crop are now generally considered just as essential to the benefit of our bodies during the winter calendar month as are bean , corn , and pea during the summer months . Incidentally , while it is true that some of these root crop , like beetroot and carrots , are more tender if store in cans rather than grit or ground , it can not be denied that , in the process of canning , their valuable vitamin - carrying qualities are appreciably diminished . Hence , in suggesting variety , I have been order by their keeping qualities under cellar - storage precondition rather than by their suitableness for canning purposes .
In connectedness with the ascendant craw , harmonize to their comparative vitamin - carry calibre , white turnip rank first , carrots second , and beets last . Since Brassica oleracea gongylodes and rutabaga , or Swedish turnip , are member of the turnip family , it is safe to say that they have at least as much nutritive economic value .
As fifty percent . of all Americans , irrespective of class , are over - fed and under - nourished , and seventy - five percent . of all diseases that attack the human consistence are directly or indirectly traceable to this cause , a more exhaustive knowledge of the alimental note value of the various vegetables would undoubtedly help us all to better health . In these statements I am sustain by a medical authority on the subject of nutrition , or rather mal - nutrition . The “ tired look ” that attacks many of us in later winter and early spring is grounds that our consistency are ill - nourished . And , since such symptom are most prevalent during that season , it is obvious that , with all our steady advancing knowledge of nutrition , we are not , as yet , fortify ourselves sufficiently against winter .
The primary causes of ominous - sustenance are a deficiency of a proper amount of vitamins and an abundance of fiber . fatness , carbohydrates and protein will sustain life . They are , however , not alone sufficient to cause the human engine to operate to perfection . Roughage is needed to transfer accumulations of impurities ; vitamins are the divisor want to create the strong red blood crucial to disease resistance .
The readying of the ground for root crops should be deep and exhaustive , and ploughing is preferred to spade . All weed roots which are not exhaustively bury by the plough and show above ground after dragging should be pull out by hand and consign to the compost heap . The earth should be disc - harrow , drag , and graze to as fine a condition as potential . I care to have the ground lie a few day after being prepared before planting , in order that it may ensconce somewhat , and if a rain observe the cooking , all the better . Land moist from rainfall will not need to be tramped down over the seed , as will be absolutely necessary in the case of dry soil .
As a general thing , root crop should not succeed each other , but be rotated with vine or foliage crop .
stem crops leave nothing in the grunge and take largely from it . Vines and other forms of vegetables leave a large ratio of the development to be return to the grease , and are , for this grounds , less thorough of fertility . Of course this is not of as much import on the circumscribed sphere of the kitchen garden , whose fertility is well maintained by the software program of brute fertilizers and the humus from a compost heap .
common beet
Sow beet come as early in the spring as the ground may be worked up fine and high . Light , well - enrich soil suits them well . The seed should be sown in drills , one foot aside , seed the seed an inch rich and treading down the run-in . When the plants are large enough , thin out to stand four to six inches apart in the rows ; keep them free from mourning band and the soil voiced and mellow by frequent cultivations . If wanted for greens , sowings of seed may be made every two weeks up to the middle of August , or , if but an early crop of greens is wished , the terra firma may be used for late peas when the beets are out of the way .
The regulation bundle will sow twenty feet of row . For a unceasing supply sow a fifteen - foot row every week from the middle of April until August first . One snow leopard each of an former mid - time of year and late form offer enough Beta vulgaris throughout summer , decline and winter .
CARROTS
Are one of the economical veg , being not only passing wholesome and delicious , but , like the sweet corn , own the advantage of being edible in root and top , the green crown being much relished by cow and horse cavalry , and the peelings and any surplus roots forming a most valuable addition to the wintertime ration of horse and cow . The succus of the sensationalistic carrot , when expressed by grating the raw root and pressing the succus through a material , makes an fantabulous and harmless color for butter , sacrifice it the much - lever aureate tint of early grass butter in the spring .
A safe report is say of a mother who took an anemic daughter to a famous physician noted for his bluffness and transience . A abbreviated review , a briefer “ claret , ” and a undulation of the hand dismissed affected role and subject . A month or six weeks after the mother render accompanied by a bloom daughter , and at the physician ’s nod of approval , the female parent , becoming gabby , explain that she “ gave them to her three times a day cooked and raw . ” “ Raw ! ” exclaimed the doc in astonishment . When it transpire that his brief directions of claret had been understood as Daucus carota sativa , and they had been liberally provide with the result of perfect recovery , whether through the medium of faith or the medicinal qualities of the vegetable , stay a matter of individual experimentation , but it is an detail in party favor of the carrots that they are of no changeable tonic water value to creature .
To grow carrots in perfection requires a rich , deep , flaxen loam , soundly prepared and deeply educate . For an other harvest , the seed should be sown in April or May in drills , one foot to fifteen inch apart , scatter the seeds as thin and evenly in the quarrel as potential and cast them down . For a belated crop , the seed may be sown as late as July 1st . As soon as the plant life are large enough , they should be thinned to stand up four inches apart in the row and must be continue clear of gage and well cultivate . A picayune nitrate of soda practise into the soil along the rows will greatly race the growth , or the nitrate may be applied with a tearing pot by dissolving it in water . Phosphate work into the rows before sowing the seeded player is a assist to speedy growth when the animal fertilizer is limited , but is not necessary in well - fertilized nation . For table use , the varieties known as Oxheart , Chantenay , and Paris Forcing , all normally classed as bunching carrot , should be take . Danvers Half Long is a very quiet , attractive form , and , if well cultivated and slenderize sufficiently , will grow to large size and prove profitable for stock as well as for the table , as even when large they are never coarse .
ONIONS
The most pragmatic style ofgrowing onionsin the kitchen garden is by the manipulation of sets , which may be set out ahead of time in spring in shallow drills twelve inches apart and the set four inches apart in the recitation . The land must be deeply dug and good pulverized , and when the onions are up so they can be seen , hand weed through the rowswillbe necessary . The bridge player - cultivator may be used to keep the space between the rows complimentary from weeds .
Care must be taken not to allow the mature onions to form seed , as this will render them unfit for food , the seed stem forming a woody meat in the Allium cepa , which dissent all efforts to cook tender . By determine the plants and breaking off all blossom stalks as they form , the onions will rest fit for purpose when stored for the wintertime .
There are no onions , however , so raw and delicate for tabular array use as those raise from seed , which may be seed in the clear ground early in March or April and thinned out to endure three or four inches aside in the rows . Or they may at first be thin to bear from one to two inches apart , and as soon as bombastic enough . for the table , apply as new , gullible onion ; every other onion plant may be removed , allowing the remainder to mature for winter use .
A method of culture we have found very satisfactory is to sow semen in drill in August in very delicately prepared ground , which must be kept well cultivated and destitute of gage . A mulch of straw or other coarse litter as protection during wintertime should be given after the stage setting in of stale weather condition , and this should be removed in spring . ejaculate sown at that time of year give an abundance of early onion plant of the tenderest and good character , and the integral harvest may be gather in time for another sowing of cum in the following August . Onions succeed well when produce year after class on the same ground , and when the bed is well wish for one or two old age , it gets in fantabulous tilth and is easy keep free from sens .
By sow in onion seeded player in frames and transplanting in April , onions of immense size of it may be produce , and the labor is not much greater than that required by planting in the undecided ground , thinning , and give the necessary preliminary weeding . In countersink the untested onion , which are very pocket-sized and tender , a shallow oceanic abyss is apprehend and the plant laid against the side of it at separation of four inch , the earth being then filled in and press down against them with the hoe . The board herewith gives the know leaders among onion for home and market garden .
ONIONS OF meritoriousness
One packet each of an early blank , large early yellow and belated carmine generally supplies all the onions for moderate use in an modal family line . A packet inseminate 25 feet of row which , ongood soil , succumb 1/2
feet of row .
onion plant AND THE modest “ BERMUDAS ”
It is a fact that those varieties of onions which may be grown to over-the-top sizing are really not Bermuda onions at all , but sure type of Spanish Allium cepa . The Bermuda onion right are small to medium sized flat bulbs , average out not more than two and a half inches in diam by one inch through . No amount of spare start can make them uprise any larger because they are a very early variety , ripening within sixty days from the time seed are inseminate . They are of three sort , namely , the Bermuda Crystal Wax , a consummate blanched light bulb ;
White Bermuda , a yellow skinned fellow ; and Red Bermuda , the blushful - coloured fellow traveller of the other two . These Bermuda onions are notorious for their mildness and for their poor keeping tone . There is one member of this type , however , primitively from Italy , Giant White Italian Tripoli , which , after naturalisation here , is called Mammoth Silver King . This is the elephantine variety of the pure ashen , prostrate onion ; and if started under glass , it will grow to a free weight of from two to three hammering .
However , even that change is not as interesting a specimen of giant Allium cepa as the misnamed “ Bermuda onions ” which we see expose on the fancy fruit stand throughout the state , and which are giant , globe - shaped , yellow - skinned fellows .
The master of this tribe was a European variety called Yellow Zittau Giant which in due prison term gravitate to America , and about twenty - five year ago , was introduce as American Prize - Taker . Just about the same time , the well known house of Vilmorin in France “ chance on ” a very much milder flavour onion of yellow , world - mold type in Spain , cultivated it for a few years in France , and offered it then under the name of Giant Spanish . The late W. Atlee Burpee introduce this variety into America , and it subsequently won its place as Gigantic Gibraltar , dissent from Prize - Taker in suffer a deeper gullible top , and proving more immune to blight and mildew .
Subject as it was to considerable variant of soil , wet , and weather experimental condition , this Gigantic Gibraltar in the process of better adapting itself to loamy and mucky soils became somewhat change . This modified figure is now offered by some the great unwashed in the trade as Giant Denia Allium cepa .
In the meanwhile , working along entirely different lines , a prominent English seed headache , starting with Yellow Zittau Giant as a foundation stock , evolve that great exhibition onion call Ailsa Craig , which today plays a very important part in every vegetable display on both sides of the Atlantic .
summarize the recognized varieties of onion that may be suitably grown for exhibition specimens , we therefore have :
parsnip
Like the carrot , they are an ornamental feature article of thegarden and may be grow to edge row or beds of other vegetablesif desired ; they should worry a large position in the garden , as their growth is low than most other garden crops , and the beauty of the fern - like leaves makes them attractive at all prison term . They have not the bright color of the Petroselinum crispum , being much dark-skinned in foliation , but they offset that veg and contrast beautifully with the red leafage of the beets .
They are one of the earliest vegetables to be started in spring , and so are out of the direction before the primary crops must be begin into the ground , which is a decided advantage . The seed should be sow in drills , like the carrot , making the drill a little farther apart — about fifteen inches — and dropping the seed as equally and sparsely in the rows as potential . The cum should be planted about one - one-half of an inch rich and the earth pressed down above it . The grease should be rich and bass and the after cultivation thorough and constant . As soon as theseed has germinatedand the little plant bombastic enough to signalise , all weeds should be absent from between and each side of the rows , the cultivator taking concern of those between the course . When the plants are three or four in high , thin out to endure six inches aside in the row . The plants pulled up may be used to plant extra rows or to fill in any vacant places in the present rows .
While the quality of the roots are much ameliorate by leave in the ground over winter , enough for prompt role may be stored in damp Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin or earth in the basement , or they may be apprehend and piled in pits in the ground and covered with a hill of earth and plank to shed rain , but the cellar will be found more convenient , as in case of severe weather it will be found almost as difficult to get into the heaps as to compass the root word from the open ground .
The best assortment to plant is the Large Sugar or Hollow Crown , and one ounce of seed will implant one hundred invertebrate foot of drill .
murphy
Growing white potato in a back or in a typical suburban garden is commonly not advise because it is urged that , given the same amount of distance , other crops are given to be more profitable . That is true if white potato are not really “ grown ” ; yet it is in fact potential almost any season , if you meet every requirement of this exacting craw — for it is exacting — and do your part in making atmospheric condition favourable , to dig hills where eight to fifteen quiet , high - timber white potato vine roll out . And then potatoesareworth while .
If you are planting only a few rows or a few bushels of seed it is most important that every potato has a record of high-pitched operation back of it , or in other words that it come from practiced seed , of a salmagundi suit to the vicinity and that it be planted spare from disease and kept that way as far as possible . Irrespective of the variety show , by all means get certify or hill selected potatoes for your cum , and be sure they are not Irish potato simply sell for seed .
Many a agriculturalist has found that high toll are not always a reliable guide in buying seeded player gunstock .
There are a few outstanding varieties from which the gardener should pick out thetypehe wishing to imbed . For cool , moist regions and a deep robust dirt with plenty of rainfall and cool weather , Green Mountain for late planting will give large yields of the highest quality ; for the early planting Irish Cobbler , a blocky white - skinned genus Tuber , will prove admirable . Where the craw has to contend with raging , juiceless periods during the summertime , nothing will give better issue than some variety of the “ Rural ” radical . Among these are to be found such common ducky as Rural New Yorker , Carmen No . 3 , Sir Walter Raleigh , and Golden Petosky . Here , too , such early diverseness as other Ohio and Irish Cobbler will give general satisfaction . If a few of the earliest eccentric are wanted , a row or two of Triumph will give edible potato a week or ten days before Irish Cobbler or Early Ohio .
After having located the tater for seed , and while waiting for winter to go , it is well to select the place for the potato maculation . A rich , loose , sandy loam will give best results . It should be full of constituent thing . To make certain of this , if possible , cover it during the winter with well decompose manure to a depth of two or three inch and plow or spade early in the spring , after exhaustively fuse up the grease and manure and working the ground just previous to planting to a depth of about eight inches . Thorough pulverizing of the soil will afford a liberal plant layer , unlock the necessary plant nutrient , and avail to retain an abundance of wet so necessary for big yields .
For early potato the earlier they can be plant the beneficial , while the late ones can be planted from May until July , bet on the neighborhood . When the tubers are dormant , sooner at least a month before planting , treat them for scab and other disease carry on the exterior of the tubers . This lie in immersing the genus Tuber in a solvent of corrosive sublimate for an minute and a half , but no longer . locate the potatoes to be treated in a wooden drum or other container and cover with the poisonous substance resolution . The amount need will deviate with the amount of potato to be treated , but an troy ounce of corrosive sublimate powder dissolve first in a quart of simmering water and then added to seven and one half gallons of water will be sufficient to treat a couple of bushels .
After soaking the tubers for an hour and a one-half take out and spread them out to dry out . tater so treated should never be eaten or used for stock food .
After treating , place them in a nerveless place and about three or four weeks before planting time spread them out on the level of a room or crib where they will be peril to the light each daytime . Of course they must not be permit to suspend . In a little sentence the vigorous tuber will bring forth knotty immature sprout which will grow about a one-quarter of an column inch long and then cease growing . tuber which produce fine spindling sprouts or none at all should be discarded . William Green - bourgeon Solanum tuberosum in this personal manner will make other potatoes matured ten days earlier and give a more consistent vigorous stand . For late potatoes remove from storage and spread out in the light where they first begin to show signs of sprouting .
In cutting , the slice under the fore terminal should be cut off first , cutting about one half in cryptic . Then examine the cut surface , if it is white it may be used for seed , but if it has dark spots in it , about a quarter column inch under the pelt , discard ; for this is an indication of wilt , a mutual potato disease which causes the early death of the plant . After make this initial cut the tubers should be dilute into pieces about the size of a hen ’s egg with at least one green sprout to each piece .
It is good to plant instantly after cutting , one opus in a piazza in rows twenty to thirty column inch apart , spacing the small-arm about twelve inch remote in the row . Forsmall gardensrows may be placed as close as eighteen inch . Cover the pieces from three to five inches cryptic and keep the filth loose over the patch until the growth appear . story polish , all the time maintain a shallow dust mulch , will conserve the moisture and keep the plants turn smartly .
When plants are eight inches tall spray them thoroughly with Bordeaux into which lead arsenate has been placed . Bordeaux wine mix is made in little quantities by dissolving three level tablespoonfuls of copper sulfate in about a quart of live water and then pouring into a enceinte jounce or wooden bucket and add sufficient weewee to make three quart . Next merge ten storey tablespoonful of hydrous lime with a dry quart of water andpour intothe bull sulphate solution , stirring all the metre . This is Bordeaux ready for use . To manipulate the potato bugs stir into this quantity six degree tablespoonful of powdered lead arsenate . To make large quantities all that is necessary is to procreate the amounts of the various ingredients .
Bordeaux will induce the plant and keep them green and vigorous after unsprayed vines have died . When poison is sum up , Irish potato bug are controlled at the same clip . At least three applications of Bordeaux should be made , about ten days to two week aside , during the growing season . By thorough spraying , many Indiana farmers have secured from twenty - two to thirty - five bushel more potatoes per acre .
At digging time it is a smart gardener who decease into his patch and select a few of the most vigorous hill with a with child number of smooth undifferentiated potatoes for his seed fund another year . These should be kept in a nerveless , damp station during the winter .
RADISHES
For very early role , the semen may be sown in hotbed or frames and a second crop sown in the open ground , in a sunny , sheltered position , in April . The seed may be sown at intervals of two or three week up to the first of September . Sow in good prepared earth in shallow drills ten inches asunder and fragile to stand two inches apart in the rows , permitting , of grade , more blank for the larger summertime and winter miscellanea .
There are three reason why radishes grow “ pithy ” , i. e. : ( 1 ) improper soil , ( 2 ) growing the wrong variety for a given season , ( 3 ) not slim down out .
First , as to the soil . The “ ideal ” for this particular vegetable is a well enrich loam , with a little admixture of clay ; one that is deep in humus and almost devoid of clay will grow as unannealed and as handsome a daikon as any one may want , but it will be much tasteless . On the other hand , in a stiff cadaver innocent of humus the developing of the radish will be so deadening that it becomes woody or , during a sudden hot spell , spongy and pithy ; and it also incline to make side roots .
For all pragmatic purposes radishes may be separate into other , mid - season , and later sorts . Among the early varieties some of the good conduct are Rapid Red , Crimson Giant Forcing , Scarlet Globe , Sparkler , Gallic Breakfast , Long Scarlet Short
Top , and White Icicle . It is a peculiar factthatthe handsomest radishes are also the unity shew the most fickle tendencies . Among those named , Sparkler ( which is the finest breed of Scarlet Turnip White Tip ) , and Gallic Breakfast , its olive - shaped companion , will become pithy much more quickly under contrary condition of soil and season than any of the rest .
Long Scarlet Short Top has a blank - tipped associate , Long Brightest Scarlet or Cardinal . Within the short stop of twenty - four hour , on plenteous guck stain I have known this latter to turn from a perfect looking , though relatively tasteless crop , to a sententious , useless one . So rapid is the deterioration of this variety that the agriculturalist themselves frequently are not aware that the perfectly good radishes they market yesterday are bad for market to - daytime .
The diversity named , and in the order afford , with fair soil and conditions conditions , should become ready for use in from eighteen to twenty - five days , up to May 1st .
There are really only three varieties that merit to be address heating - resisting , mid - season sort . One is Chartier , or Shepherd , which is a tenacious reddish radish , ready for deplume from July 1st to 15th from seeded player sow in May 1st to 15th . Other claim to the contrary notwithstanding , I have regain Long White Vienna , or Lady Finger , no better than Icicle .
The other two multifariousness that will really stick out hotness are White Strasburg and White Stuttgart , both white - skinned , business firm - fleshed , summertime varieties , dissent moderately in shape and — though very little — in time of due date . From seed sown ahead of time in May they will give good returns during August , when every other change go on strike .
There are two distinct classes of the boastfully - growing winter kinds : one that keeps well and one that does not . The Formosan change , of which White Chinese , or Celestial , and Chinese Rose Winter are the best - known , will acquire woody or spongy after December 1st , no matter what soil produced them . On the other hand , the European variety show of the Spanish case will require longer to develop and will not grow so magnanimous , but will be house - fleshed until forth belatedly into fountain . Now just as there is a likelihood of constitute early radishes too late so also may the error be made of planting the winter varieties too early ! In the latitude of New York the best time is about July 1st to 15th ; i. e. , when you would inseminate winterturnips . An early sowing may yield a great root , but not one fit for the table .
The last , though not the least important , point in radish growing is the need of proper thinning out and transplant . Most domicile gardener ( and even professionals , for that matter ) seem to draw a blank that honest radish seminal fluid , such as is send out by every reliable seed house , grows well than 90 per cent . In consequence aboutten time as much seedin a row as that course can hold in the room of well - prepare radishes is commonly sown .
Even when found with the greatest care , every run-in of radishes will throw too many seedlings ; and crowd words , while not directly responsible for sententious roots , help a great mess to land this condition about . Therefore , fragile out unfalteringly ; permit for the small round kinds one to two inches apart in the row ; for the recollective and mid - season diverseness , at least four inches apart in the row , six column inch being in force for both White Strasburg and White Stuttgart ; wintertime radishes should be at least six inches apart ; for the Formosan form , eight inches is good .
RADISHES FOR ALL season
One parcel sows 30 feet of row . An troy ounce each of an special early round and long white , plus a package of a summertime and winter form , will pro - vide for the whole year .
FIRST ROOTS BEADY IN
WHEN OF
EATABLE SIZE
7 days
10 days
6 mean solar day
5days
5 day
4 days
9 day
8 days
Chartiers
40 days
Round Black Spanish
75 24-hour interval
90 daylight
SALSIFY OR VEGETABLE OYSTER
Salisfy require the same finish as carrots and parsnip . Sow early in spring in drills fifteen in asunder , scattering the seed an in deep and step down the rows . Thin to stomach four to six inches asunder in the wrangle and keep clear of weeds and the soil well exploit and mellow . Salsify maybe used in the pin or leave in the basis over wintertime , being used early in spring , when it first appears in market . A supplying for the winter may be dig and kept in boxes of damp land or sand in the basement if desired . When left in the earth , it should be dug before growth begins in the spring . It succeeds best in a light , mellow ground . The Mammoth Sandwich Island is the good multifariousness to grow , Long White is also a secure variety .
TURNIPS
Are usually grown as a grab harvest to follow.after some other craw which has failed to prosper or has matured and been gathered . For winter use , they need not be sow before the middle of July or the first of August . Any skillful garden soil will develop the turnip , as it is not particular as to dirt or locating . For garden refinement , the seed should be sow in shallow drills fifteen inch apart and the flora thinned to stick out four to six inches apart in the row .
pop sorts to grow , among the other sort are Snowball , Purple Top Strap Leaf and Purple Top White Globe . The most widely institute among the better keeping winter sorts or Rutabagas is American Purple Top Yellow .
